New Canadian guidelines to define death based on the brain

New guidelines to define death in Canada Canada now has new clinical guidelines to provide a clear definition of death for physicians and nurses, and it's all based on the brain.

For many families, learning a loved one has died is an excruciating and often incomprehensible moment.

Joanne Brennan's daughter, Kathleen, was 23 years old when she set off on a solo trip to Europe in 2017. Kathleen sustained fatal injuries after falling from a cliff.

"She spent one week in Poland, and then she transferred to Dubrovnik, Croatia, and on her second day there, we didn't hear from her," said Joanne in an interview with CTV News.

Her daughter spent several weeks on life support and was considered brain-dead before being airlifted to Canada, where she eventually died.

In Canada, the clinical definition of death hadn't been updated since 2006 and could vary from province to province. It differs around the world.

"We had two concepts of death, one was your heart stops beating — cardiac death — and two, your brain stops working, the so-called brain death," said Dr. Sam Shemie, an associate investigator with the Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre (RI-MUHC).

He led the work with the Montreal Children's Hospital to update the Canadian guidelines on how to define death. This time, it's solely based on the brain.

The MUHC said the new definition describes death as "the permanent cessation of brain function, observable by the absence of consciousness and brainstem reflexes, including the ability to breathe independently" and applies to all people in all circumstances.

"The brain is really the most unforgiving of organs that doesn’t heal well if it’s been injured," Shemie said in an interview.

"And so all our outcomes are really to try to restart brain function, not just to restart heart and lung function."

While CPR works to restart the heart and lungs, it's really about restoring blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain.

"The brain is what makes us human. The ability to be conscious, to interact with the environment, to see, feel, look, hear, have memories, have interactions, all those can be completely and permanently gone, yet you have a body that’s still functioning because of the body support machinery that we use," Shemie said.

He said the guidelines provide clarity for medical professionals and help them counsel families.

Even for Joanne, who is a nurse, being told her daughter had died was confusing.

"Patients are supported on life support, so you can see their chests rise and fall. I was no longer a nurse at that point, I was a mother," she said.

"So, all my skills went out the window, and you're still hoping miracles could happen and Kathleen would walk out with us and come home."

A panel of 60 people contributed to the project, from medical professionals to ethicists and even patient families. Among them was Joanne, who said she sees the guidelines as a way to bring meaning to Kathleen's death.

"She was fun-loving, adventurous, loved to travel," she said through tears. "I miss our date nights, I miss seeing her, her voice, her laughter."

She said she hopes the new guidelines will help other families through their darkest hour.