MH370 'black boxes' will fall silent by mid-April

This May 12, 2011 file photo shows one of the two flight recorders of the Air France flight 447, which crashed in 2009, in Le Bourget, near Paris. Geoff Dell, discipline leader of accident investigation at Central Queensland University, said if the black boxes of a missing Malaysia Airlines Flight MH370 were several kilometers (miles) deep, ships might need to be almost directly over them before the signal could detect them. If found in deep water, Dell expected that unmanned submarines would be needed to retrieve them. That’s how the black box from Air France Flight 447 was retrieved in May 2011, almost two years after the Airbus A330 crashed with the loss of 228 lives. (AP Photo/Michel Euler, File)

Equipment inside two nearly indestructible boxes aboard the missing Malaysia Airlines plane recorded critical information that would help investigators reconstruct what went wrong. The flight data recorder and cockpit voice recorder have beacons that are sending out "pings" which searchers could track back to the main wreckage. But the batteries run out in about two weeks. Satellite images show debris floating in the southern Indian Ocean, but search crews still have not confirmed it is from the plane. If they can do that, searchers will calculate where the bulk of the plane may have come to rest on the sea floor -- and then go to that area and start listening for the pings.

Orange, not black

They're commonly called black boxes, but the flight data recorder and the cockpit voice recorder are actually orange -- so they can be more easily seen. The data recorder logs performance and other metrics, including speed, altitude and direction. In all, it can keep 1,000 different measurements, giving investigators a rich cache of information. Those measurements cover the 25 hours prior to a crash. The voice recorder captures two hours of sound from several microphones in the cockpit. It runs on a continuous loop, so audio from the critical moments during which the plane diverted west from its Malaysia-China route -- about seven hours before it is believed to have crashed -- have been erased.

Racing time

Each recorder has its own beacon, bolted to the box's outside, which once activated by water emits a chirp every second. The chirp can't be heard by the naked ear -- it requires special equipment to detect. A beacon's battery is designed to last 30 days. Once that month is up, the pings begin to fade in the same way that a flashlight with failing batteries begins to dim. According to Chuck Schofield of Dukane Seacom Inc., a company which has sold pingers to Malaysia Airlines, the batteries might "reliably" give five extra days before dying. The specific length depends on factors including maintenance and temperature (batteries like cold better than hot). Authorities believe the plane crashed March 8. So the pingers would begin to fade around April 7, and could go silent around April 12.

The U.S. Navy on Wednesday deployed a Towed Pinger Locator, a device that's pulled behind a vessel at slow speeds, and an unmanned underwater vehicle to Perth in western Australia. The equipment will be fitted to an Australian vessel, which according to Malaysia is expected to reach the search area April 5.

Why just a month?

After the crash of an Air France flight in the Atlantic Ocean in 2009, searchers did not locate the black boxes for nearly two years. Aviation regulators began a push to extend battery life, and the European Aviation Safety Agency will require a 90-day pinger starting next year. Several years later, a second regulatory change kicks in -- a much larger pinger must be added to the structure of the airframe. That would give searchers a second signal to track, one that can be detected up to 13 kilometres away (the black box pingers have a range of about 4 kilometres).

Strong back, strong mind

The data and voice recorders are tough. Honeywell Aerospace made the boxes in the missing Malaysia Airlines plane. They are engineered to survive a super-hot fire for an hour, stay intact during a violent impact, and withstand the tremendous pressure of being under more than 6,000 metres of water (ocean depth in the search area averaged 3,000 to 4,500 metres), Honeywell spokesman Steve Brecken said. The flight data recorder should retain its information for at least two years.