U.S. increases military pressure on Iran ahead of high-stakes talks

Iranian protesters gather around burning cars during a protest in Tehran, Iran, on January 8, 2026. (Aghasht/Middle East Images/AFP/Getty Images via CNN Newsource)

The U.S. military is continuing a significant buildup of air and naval assets in the Middle East ahead of planned talks with Iran in Geneva on Tuesday. The pieces are being moved into place both to intimidate Tehran and to have options to strike inside the country should negotiations over its nuclear program fail, multiple sources familiar with the matter told CNN.

U.S. Air Force assets based in the United Kingdom, including refuelling tankers and fighter jets, are being repositioned closer to the Middle East, according to sources familiar with the movements.

The U.S. is also continuing to flow air defence systems to the region, according to a U.S. official, and several U.S. military units deployed in the region that were expected to rotate out in the coming weeks have had their orders extended, said one source familiar with the matter. Dozens of U.S. military cargo planes have transported equipment from the U.S. to Jordan, Bahrain and Saudi Arabia in recent weeks, according to flight-tracking data.

On Friday evening, multiple fighter aircraft were also given diplomatic clearance to enter Jordanian airspace, according to open-source air traffic communications. Satellite images show 12 US F-15 attack planes have been positioned at Jordan’s Muwaffaq Salti Air Base since January 25.

More broadly, open-source flight data reveals there have been over 250 U.S. cargo flights into the region.

U.S. President Donald Trump has been threatening military action against Iran for weeks, beginning last month when he warned Iranian leaders that he was prepared to order an attack if the government did not stop killing protesters. And on Friday, he said he believes regime change “would be the best thing that could happen” in Iran.

The buildup of military assets and emphasis by Trump and senior members of the administration that regime change is preferable has the region on edge and increases the stakes for Tuesday’s talks, which the president said Monday he will be “indirectly” involved in. The Switzerland talks are expected to be led by Trump’s envoy, Steve Witkoff, and his son-in-law, Jared Kushner, on the U.S. side, with Iran represented by Foreign Minister Abbas Araghchi.

‘No one knows’ who would take over

But the administration still does not appear to have a clear understanding of what would come next if it removed the Iranian regime, according to two sources familiar with the matter. Secretary of State Marco Rubio echoed this during a congressional hearing late last month, telling lawmakers that “no one knows” who would take over if the regime fell.

The likely alternatives could be even more problematic for the U.S. and its allies, sources said. In the short term, the hardline Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps would likely fill any leadership void, the U.S. intelligence community believes, according to sources.

The IRGC “is definitely prominent and functions above the standard military bureaucracy, but it is hard to predict exactly what would happen in a regime collapse scenario,” said one source familiar with recent U.S. intelligence reporting on the matter.

The U.S. also lacks clear insight into the IRGC’s hierarchy following the U.S. assassination of Iran’s most powerful military commander, Maj. Gen. Qasem Soleimani, during Trump’s first term.

Whereas U.S. intelligence officials had a very good understanding of the power dynamics in Venezuela before the U.S. captured then-President Nicolás Maduro last month, they lack the same insight into who, if anyone, would constitute a viable replacement for Iran’s supreme leader, sources said.

Multiple sources said there were legitimate reasons to consider kinetic action several weeks ago at the height of the Iranian protests. At that point, there was a small window of time when U.S. strikes could have potentially tipped the balance in favor of the opposition, providing momentum for Iranians to overthrow their government organically.

Those sources now wonder whether Trump “missed the moment” and question whether military strikes weeks later would accomplish what they could have last month.

At the time, however, U.S. military assets were concentrated in the Caribbean rather than the Middle East, limiting the administration’s options and worrying the Israelis, who were concerned they would be left exposed if Iran were to retaliate by attacking them with ballistic missiles.

Since then, Trump has shifted his rationale for a potential attack, framing it around Iran’s reluctance to stop enriching uranium for its nuclear program.

“I think they’ll be successful,” Trump said Friday of the upcoming talks. “If they’re not, it’s going to be a very bad day for Iran.”

Unlike last month, the U.S. now has the USS Abraham Lincoln carrier strike group in the region, the USS Gerald Ford carrier strike group on the way, and fighter jet squadrons and tankers being rapidly repositioned.

“In case we don’t make a deal, we’ll need it,” Trump said Friday, when asked why the Ford was headed to the region.

The buildup gives the U.S. military extensive strike options should Trump order an attack. Guided-missile destroyers steaming with the carriers, for example, can carry dozens of Tomahawk cruise missiles with a range of 1,000 miles (1609 kilometres) and wielding 1,000-pound conventional warheads. U.S. Navy carrier strike groups usually operate with an attack submarine that can also launch Tomahawks. F-35 and F-15E fighter jets can carry an array of guided bombs and air-to-surface missiles.

Among the potential targets for strikes are the headquarters of the IRGC and other military installations beyond Iranian nuclear sites, according to multiple sources. There is also some discussion about the U.S. and Israel conducting joint operations, the sources said. Those could resemble Operation Midnight Hammer last summer, when the U.S. struck Iranian nuclear sites toward the end of the 12-day Israel-Iran war, they added.

‘It’s hard to do a deal with Iran’

Trump said over the weekend that the U.S. “doesn’t want any enrichment,” indicating that he will not settle for a deal that allows even low-level uranium enrichment by Iran. Given Iran’s position that enrichment is its right, sources said there may not be space for negotiation.

But the sources also noted that hardline positions going into negotiations can always change.

There are also other ways the Iranian government could try to ward off a U.S. attack, including with economic incentives. During multiple rounds of U.S.-Iran talks last year, there were discussions about possible business deals that could be struck in conjunction with a nuclear agreement, including granting the U.S. privileged access to developing Iran’s oil, gas and rare earths resources, one source said. That topic is expected to be raised again, this person added.

The head of the United Nations nuclear watchdog, Rafael Grossi, met with Araghchi in Geneva on Monday for what both described as “in-depth technical discussions,” as preparations intensify for the crucial nuclear negotiations Tuesday.

In public remarks, Rubio has maintained that Trump prefers a diplomatic resolution. But he has also repeatedly stressed that such a deal will be difficult.

“Iran ultimately is governed and its decisions are governed by Shia clerics — radical Shia clerics, okay? These people make policy decisions on the basis of pure theology. That’s how they make their decisions. So, it’s hard to do a deal with Iran,” Rubio said at a press conference in Budapest, Hungary, on Monday.

Asked Sunday whether the administration would inform Congress if it decides to attack Iran or attempt to remove Iran’s supreme leader, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, Rubio would not commit.

“We’ll follow whatever the law is on it, and it depends on the circumstance it would lead to. But right now, we’re talking about negotiations,” he said at a press conference in Slovakia.

“If that changes, it’ll be obvious to everyone. And obviously, whatever the law requires us to do, we’ll do,” he added.

Regional allies including the Arab states in the Persian Gulf are deeply concerned that U.S. military action could destabilize the region. They have lobbied for holding off on military action to give diplomacy more time, according to sources familiar with the talks.

“Everybody is pushing against a strike,” said a diplomat from the region. This person added that Israel is the only regional player that has been urging the U.S to attack.

Iran, meanwhile, held further military exercises less than 24 hours ahead of the Geneva talks. On Monday, Iran’s official Islamic Republic of Iran Broadcasting reported that the IRGC had launched a “valiant defense” of three Iranian islands by land, air and sea that are the subject of a longtime border dispute between Iran and the United Arab Emirates.

According to the report, IRGC drones are positioned at Iran’s southernmost point, ready to confront any aggressors.

Iran’s armed forces chief of staff, Maj. Gen. Abdolrahim Mousavi, warned Sunday that “Trump should know that he would be entering a confrontation that gives harsh lessons, the outcome of which would ensure that he no longer bellows threats around the world,” according to state-run Press TV.