McGill researchers optimize conversion of human urine into energy

McGill University Dr. Vijaya Raghavan explains how human urine to energy and the possible uses of it.

Researchers at McGill University have found a way to improve the efficiency of a method for converting human urine into electricity.

Adults produce approximately 1.5 litres of urine per day. The abundant and inexpensive material could be used to generate energy from wastewater.

To convert urine into electricity, researchers at McGill University have been working on a method that uses microbial fuel cells (MFCs), which use bacteria to convert organic waste into electricity.

“We know that microbial fuel cells clean wastewater and produce electricity, but the precise effects of different urine concentrations on their electrochemical function, their effectiveness in removing pollutants, and the behaviour of microbial communities are still unknown,” explained Vijaya Raghavan, co-author of the study and professor of bioresource engineering, in a press release.

Higher urine concentration associated with better production

To address these questions, Raghavan’s team designed four different “dual-chamber microbial fuel cells” and fed them with mixtures of synthetic wastewater and human urine at concentrations of 20, 50, and 75 per cent.

The team then tested the cells for two weeks, checking energy production, pollutant removal, and water treatment, and conducting electrochemical tests.

It turned out that the cells containing the highest urine concentrations, from 50 to 75 per cent, were associated with better electricity production.

“Urine contains essential ions and organic compounds that enable rapid microbial activation, which improves energy production and pollutant degradation,” Raghavan explained in a statement.

The batteries designed by the scientists during the experiment contained a mixture of bacteria, but the researchers “found that the genera Sediminibacterium and Comamonas were dominant.”

These bacteria were present “in greater quantities when urine accounted for 50 per cent.”

The amount of urine added to the batteries would influence the types of microorganisms that grow and the efficiency of the system, according to the researchers.

“The use of urine as a resource promotes sustainable sanitation and nutrient recovery, thereby reducing pressure on freshwater systems,” according to Raghavan, who sees these results as a milestone toward “an improved circular economy.”

According to a news release issued by the Montreal university, the method “could be used for clean energy production in contexts such as rural sanitation, disaster relief camps, and off-grid communities.”

Microbial fuel cells could also be used as low-cost biosensors to monitor wastewater quality.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published in French on Feb. 16, 2026.