Researchers find gaps in environmental impact assessments of mining projects

Dr. Alana Westwood, Dalhousie University, right, and Ben Collison, PhD student at Dalhousie University, pose in this undated handout photo. (THE CANADIAN PRESS/Handout - Alana Westwood)

HALIFAX — A new report from Dalhousie University shows flaws in the environmental review process for mining operations in Canada, with researchers finding that data for 20 per cent of the projects they reviewed was incomplete or missing entirely from public records.

The report collected all available environmental impact assessments on mining projects dating back to 1974 -- that’s 266 assessments on 227 projects over 50 years. However, researchers ran into problems. Some provinces, such as British Columbia, had a fully digitized and accessible system; the records for other jurisdictions were much harder to access or simply not available.

Without complete data from environmental assessments, researchers aren’t able to properly judge how a mine is impacting the surrounding community. And regulators can’t establish a baseline for measuring environmental damage.

“When we’re talking about starting new projects there are what’s called `cumulative effects,”' Dr. Alana Westwood, lead author of the report, said in a recent interview. “Pollution or contamination from a mine can build up over time, reaching dangerous thresholds.

Passing thresholds can lead to a species dying out, or to serious contamination of groundwater that can leave communities without clean water, she said. “If we don’t have baseline data, we don’t know where we started and we can’t estimate or understand the potential impacts.”

In one instance, researchers filed an access request with Nova Scotia for environmental assessments done before the year 2000. Nova Scotia started requiring environment assessments in 1989, but prior to 2000 they were done manually.

“We filed our (freedom of information request), and they told us it would cost $6,000,” says Ben Collison, PhD student at Dalhousie and co-author of the report. “Our lab doesn’t have $6,000 in funding and years to wait for that to happen.”

Westwood and Collison also found that provincial and federal environmental assessments on the same project didn’t match in two-thirds of the cases they studied. The assessments looked at separate parts of the project or used different terms, making it difficult for researchers to get a full picture of the environmental risks of the mine.

Canadian mining is a big industry, accounting for about six per cent of the country’s economy. But mining also leaves a big footprint. The report shows there could be more than 10,000 abandoned mines across the country, continuing to pollute the environment with no oversight.

Mines can run at a huge scale. The Star-Orion Diamond Project, a proposed mine in Saskatchewan, is estimated to have an environmental footprint that would be more than 850 times the size of the Rogers Centre in Toronto or roughly the size of the city of Camrose, Alta.

Westwood says environmental assessments are invaluable tools for mining projects, but the current system is not being used effectively. Collison, meanwhile, says the provinces and the federal government should be better aligned on what elements of a project are to be studied and on what work should be carried out.

However, Collison says governments should ensure they aren’t watering down regulations when provincial and federal analyses are fast-tracked or streamlined. “If that’s the case, I think we risk making decisions that are not well-informed by evidence.”

Westwood and Collison have made their report publicly available and searchable. They say they hope that by doing so they can encourage provinces to work together on improving environmental assessments.

This report by The Canadian Press was first published Nov. 3, 2025.

Emily Baron Cadloff, The Canadian Press