How to assess microplastics in our bodies? Scientists have a plan

FILE - Plastic bottles and other garbage are seen next to a beach at Fiumicino, Italy, near Rome, Saturday, Aug. 15, 2020.

How many tiny pieces of plastic are currently inside your body?

A series of headline-grabbing studies in the last few years have claimed to have found microplastics throughout human bodies -- inside blood, organs and even brains.

However, some of this research has recently come under stinging criticism from scientists.

Some have warned that the studies could not rule out contamination from plastic inside laboratories, or that certain techniques could be confusing human tissue with plastic.

Seeking a solution to this escalating dispute, 30 scientists from 20 research institutions across the world proposed a new framework on Tuesday for evaluating microplastic research.

The proposal, inspired by how forensic science weighs evidence found at crime scenes, offers researchers a consistent way to communicate how confident they are that microplastic has actually been detected.

No one disputes that these mostly invisible pieces of plastic are ubiquitous throughout the environment -- they have been found everywhere from the tops of mountains to the bottom of oceans.

It is also “very likely” that we are regularly ingesting microplastics from air and food, Imperial College London researcher Leon Barron told AFP.

But there is simply not enough evidence yet to say whether they are bad for our health, added the senior author of the new proposal.

Inside our brains?

Microplastics -- and even smaller nanoplastics -- are very difficult to detect.

Yet some research in this new and rapidly expanding field has claimed to have found particles in “less-plausible” areas of the human body, Barron explained.

For example, a study published in Nature Medicine early last year announced it had detected relatively large particles inside the brains of recently deceased people.

Some scientists were sceptical because this would require the particles to cross the powerful defences of the blood-brain barrier.

Experts have also pointed out that the technique used in this study and several others, which is called pyrolysis-GC-MS, can confuse fat with polyethylene, which is commonly used in plastic packaging.

In February 2025, CNN reported that the study’s senior author, Matthew Campen of the University of New Mexico, had said the amount of plastic found in a brain sample was equivalent to a plastic spoon.

However Campen told AFP on Tuesday that “the concept of a ‘plastic spoon’ is a media invention”.

“The biggest issue was extrapolation of a single sample of the brain to the entire brain, which we are now establishing was a meaningful overestimation,” he added.

He also welcomed the “groundswell of interest” in the subject and said he looked forward to research that “will provide greater confidence and accuracy in micro- and nanoplastics measurements”.

Other research has been disparaged for not using proper quality-control measures.

Without these measures, “it is impossible to know whether detected plastics originate from the tissue itself or from containers, chemicals, laboratory equipment or plastic particles present in the air,” researcher Dusan Materic told AFP.

This would mean the results are “simply not scientific”, said the expert at Helmholtz Centre for Environmental Research in Germany.

Inspired by forensic science

The new framework proposal, published in the journal Environment & Health, calls for researchers to use several different techniques when looking for microplastics to rule out any potential false positives.

Barron compared the proposal to a framework once agreed among forensic scientists about how to evaluate fibres found in clothes during a criminal investigation.

The idea is to bring “all of the different labs doing this type of work into an aligned language” that expresses how confident they are that they detected microplastic, he said.

The idea is already “starting to gain momentum”, he added.

The proposal requires scientists and journal articles to be transparent about their research, release all the raw data and include quality-control measures.

“To be clear, microplastics are a problem,” Barron emphasized.

All the research conducted thus far has been carried out in good faith, he said, adding that these are relatively normal growing pains for a new scientific field.

But precision is important -- to determine whether microplastics are harmful for our health, researchers need to know just how much of them is in our bodies.

If the ongoing scientific debate “derails that effort to try and understand if they’re bad for us, that’s not helpful”, he said.

Campen said that rather than a debate, “what we are seeing is the scientific method.”

“The challenges of detecting and quantifying nanoplastics -- shards of plastic the size of viruses -- demand intense attention, innovation, as well as scrutiny,” he added.